ARTES

Largely self-taught as an artist, Francis Bacon (1909–1992) developed a unique ability to transform interior and unconscious impulses into figurative forms and intensely claustrophobic compositions. Emerging into notoriety in the period following World War II, Bacon took the human body as his nominal subject, but a subject ravaged, distorted, and dismembered so as to writhe with intense emotional content. With flailing limbs, hollow voids, and tumurous growths, his gripping, often grotesque, portraits are as much reflections on the trials and the traumas of the human condition as they are character studies. These haunting forms were also among the first in art history to depict overtly homosexual themes.

Sharp angles, strange forms, lurid colors, and distorted perspectives are classic hallmarks of Expressionism, the twentieth century movement that prioritized emotion over objective reality. Though particularly present in Germany and Austria, the movement’s approach flourished internationally and is today hailed as one of the most influential shifts in art history. With leading groups Die Brücke (The Bridge) and Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider), and key players such as Wassily Kandinsky, Egon Schiele, and Emil Nolde, the Expressionists disowned Impressionism, which they regarded as “man lowered to the position of a gramophone record of the outer world”, to depict instead a raw and visceral experience of life as it was felt, rather than seen on the surface. Their paintings brim with emotive force, conveyed in particular through intense and non-naturalistic color palettes, loose brushwork, and thick textures.

Utagawa Hiroshige (1797–1858) was one of the last great artists in the ukiyo-e tradition. Literally meaning “pictures of the floating world,” ukiyo-e was a particular woodblock print genre of art that flourished between the 17th and 19th centuries. Subjects ranged from the bright lights and attractions of Edo (modern-day Tokyo), to spectacular natural landscapes. In the West, Hiroshige’s prints became exemplary of the Japonisme that swept through Europe and defined the Western world’s visual idea of Japan. Because they could be mass produced, ukiyo-e works were often used as designs for fans, greeting cards, and book illustrations. The style influenced Impressionist, Post-Impressionist, and Art Nouveau artists alike, with Vincent van Gogh and James Abbott McNeill Whistler both particularly inspired by Hiroshige’s landscapes.

Arte atormentado El talento y la angustia de un maestro postimpresionista Las obras de Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890) se cuentan entre las más conocidas y alabadas del mundo. En lienzos como Los girasoles, La noche estrellada, Autorretrato con la oreja vendada y en muchos otros cuadros y dibujos llegamos a identificar a un artista con un don único para retratar estados de ánimo y situaciones gracias a su maestría en el uso de las pinturas, los lápices, los carboncillos y las tizas. Repleta de ilustraciones, esta introducción al mundo de Vincent van Gogh sigue el rastro artístico de su vida, desde las primeras pinturas de campesinos y trabajadores rurales, pasando por las obras de su luminoso periodo parisiense, hasta llegar al febril estallido de su creatividad durante su estancia en el sur de Francia, en sus últimos dos años y medio de existencia.

El gran artista Pieter Bruegel el Viejo (h. 1526/31-1569) fue un pintor y dibujante dotado de una inventiva extraordinaria que hizo historia a través de sus hermosos paisajes, sus motivos religiosos, notables por su autenticidad, y su reflejo de la vida cotidiana. Bruegel destaca sobre todo por su representación del mundo campesino y la cultura popular, ganándose el apodo de Bruegel el Campesino. Ya fuera con su retrato de cazadores temblando en medio de la nieve o la escena de una feria bulliciosa, Bruegel elevó la agricultura, las fiestas, las reuniones y los juegos del mundo rural a la categoría de arte.

Aunque nunca salió de su tierra natal en los Países Bajos, Rembrandt van Rijn(1606-1669) cambió el curso del arte occidental con su extenso repetorio de pinturas, dibujos y grabados. Su prolífica obra abarca escenas religiosas, históricas y seculares, así como una de las más extraordinarias series de retratos y autorretratos de la historia.